otoriteryanizm ne demek?

Otoriteryanizm, siyaset üzerinde otokratik bir pozisyondur. Otorite ve bu otoritenin idaresine yönelik itaat ile nitelenen bir sosyal organizasyon biçimidir. Bireysel özgürlük karşıtıdır ve mutlak itaate dayanır.¹

Politik anlamda; otoriteryen bir hükûmette siyasal otorite, küçük bir siyasetçi grubunun odağındadır.²

Örnekler

Otoriteryanizmin tek bir konsensüs tanımı yoktur, ancak Freedom House'un yıllık Dünya Özgürlüğü raporu dahil olmak üzere birkaç yıllık ölçüm denenmektedir.

Günümüz

Şu anda (veya sık sık) otoriter olarak nitelendirilen devletlerin örneklerinin kapsamlı olmayan bir listesi aşağıdadır:

<table> <thead> <tr class="header"> <th><p>State</p></th> <th><p>Zaman periyodu</p></th> <th><p>Yönetici grup veya kişi</p></th> <th><p>Notlar</p></th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>1975–</p></td> <td><p><a href="MPLA" title="wikilink">Halkın Angola'nın Kurtuluşu Hareketi</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="#fn1" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref1" role="doc-noteref">¹</a></p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>1993–</p></td> <td><p><a href="Yeni_Azerbaycan_Partisi" title="wikilink">Yeni Azerbaycan Partisi</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="#fn2" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref2" role="doc-noteref">²</a></p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>1746–</p></td> <td><p><a href="Halife_Hanedanı" title="wikilink">Halife Hanedanı</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="#fn3" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref3" role="doc-noteref">³</a></p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>1994–</p></td> <td><p><a href="Alexander_Lukashenko" title="wikilink">Alexander Lukashenko</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="#fn4" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref4" role="doc-noteref">⁴</a><a href="#fn5" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref5" role="doc-noteref">⁵</a><a href="#fn6" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref6" role="doc-noteref">⁶</a><a href="#fn7" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref7" role="doc-noteref">⁷</a><a href="#fn8" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref8" role="doc-noteref">⁸</a></p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>2006–</p></td> <td><p><a href="Milorad_Dodik" title="wikilink">Milorad Dodik</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="#fn9" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref9" role="doc-noteref">⁹</a><a href="#fn10" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref10" role="doc-noteref">¹⁰</a><a href="#fn11" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref11" role="doc-noteref">¹¹</a></p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>2005–</p></td> <td><p><a href="Pierre_Nkurunziza" title="wikilink">Pierre Nkurunziza</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="#fn12" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref12" role="doc-noteref">¹²</a></p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>1985–</p></td> <td><p><a href="Hun_Sen" title="wikilink">Hun Sen</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="#fn13" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref13" role="doc-noteref">¹³</a><a href="#fn14" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref14" role="doc-noteref">¹⁴</a></p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>1982–</p></td> <td><p><a href="Paul_Biya" title="wikilink">Paul Biya</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="#fn15" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref15" role="doc-noteref">¹⁵</a><a href="#fn16" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref16" role="doc-noteref">¹⁶</a></p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>1949–</p></td> <td><p><a href="Çin_Komünist_Partisi" title="wikilink">Çin Komünist Partisi</a></p></td> <td><p>“Bazı akademisyenler Çin sistemini 'parçalanmış bir otoriterlik' (Lieberthal), 'müzakere edilmiş bir devlet' veya 'danışma otoriter rejimi' olarak nitelendirdiler” John Kennedy'nin (2018) araştırmasına göre, yüksek öğrenim gören Çinli vatandaşlar yerel seçimlere daha az katılma eğilimindedir ve yalnızca zorunlu eğitime sahip olanlara kıyasla daha düşük demokratik değerlere sahiptir.<a href="#fn17" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref17" role="doc-noteref">¹⁷</a></p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>1979–</p></td> <td><p><a href="Denis_Sassou_Nguesso" title="wikilink">Denis Sassou Nguesso</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="#fn18" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref18" role="doc-noteref">¹⁸</a></p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>1959–</p></td> <td><p><a href="Küba_Komunist_Partisi" title="wikilink">Küba Komunist Partisi</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="#fn19" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref19" role="doc-noteref">¹⁹</a></p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>2014–</p></td> <td><p><a href="Abdülfettah_es-Sisi" title="wikilink">Abdülfettah es-Sisi</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="#fn20" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref20" role="doc-noteref">²⁰</a></p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>1979–</p></td> <td><p><a href="Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo" title="wikilink">Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="#fn21" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref21" role="doc-noteref">²¹</a></p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>1993–</p></td> <td><p><a href="Isaias_Afewerki" title="wikilink">Isaias Afewerki</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="#fn22" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref22" role="doc-noteref">²²</a></p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>1991–</p></td> <td><p><a href="Etiyopya_Halkının_Devrimci_Demokratik_Cephesi" title="wikilink">Etiyopya Halkının Devrimci Demokratik Cephesi</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="#fn23" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref23" role="doc-noteref">²³</a></p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>1961–</p></td> <td><p><a href="Gabon_Demokrat_Partisi" title="wikilink">Gabon Demokrat Partisi</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="#fn24" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref24" role="doc-noteref">²⁴</a></p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>2010–</p></td> <td><p><a href="Viktor_Orbán" title="wikilink">Viktor Orbán</a></p></td> <td><p>Son zamanlarda <a href="liberalizm" title="wikilink">liberalizme</a> daha çok yöneldi<a href="#fn25" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref25" role="doc-noteref">²⁵</a><a href="#fn26" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref26" role="doc-noteref">²⁶</a><a href="#fn27" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref27" role="doc-noteref">²⁷</a></p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>1981–</p></td> <td><p><a href="Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="wikilink">Ruhollah Khomeini</a> ve <a href="Ali_Khamenei" title="wikilink">Ali Khamenei</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="#fn28" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref28" role="doc-noteref">²⁸</a> Linz, 2000 yılında "totaliterliğin ideolojik eğilimini otoriterizmin sınırlı çoğulculuğu ile birleştirdiği ve farklı politika ve görevlileri savunan adayların sık sık yenildiği için İran rejimini mevcut tipolojiye sığdırmanın zor olduğunu" yazdı.<a href="#fn29" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref29" role="doc-noteref">²⁹</a></p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>1946–</p></td> <td><p><a href="Hashemites" title="wikilink">Haşim Hanedanı</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="#fn30" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref30" role="doc-noteref">³⁰</a></p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>1990–</p></td> <td><p><a href="Nur_Otan" title="wikilink">Nur Otan</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="#fn31" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref31" role="doc-noteref">³¹</a></p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>1975–</p></td> <td><p><a href="Lao_Halkın_Devrimci_Partisi" title="wikilink">Lao Halkın Devrimci Partisi</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="#fn32" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref32" role="doc-noteref">³²</a></p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>1957–</p></td> <td><p><a href="Alevî_Hanedanı" title="wikilink">Alevî Hanedanı</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="#fn33" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref33" role="doc-noteref">³³</a><a href="#fn34" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref34" role="doc-noteref">³⁴</a><a href="#fn35" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref35" role="doc-noteref">³⁵</a></p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>1990–</p></td> <td><p><a href="Karadağ_Sosyalistleri_Demokratik_Partisi" title="wikilink">Karadağ Sosyalistleri Demokratik Partisi</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="#fn36" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref36" role="doc-noteref">³⁶</a><a href="#fn37" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref37" role="doc-noteref">³⁷</a><a href="#fn38" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref38" role="doc-noteref">³⁸</a><a href="#fn39" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref39" role="doc-noteref">³⁹</a><a href="#fn40" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref40" role="doc-noteref">⁴⁰</a></p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>1947–</p></td> <td><p><a href="Kim_Hanedanı" title="wikilink">Kim Hanedanı</a> ve <a href="Kore_İşçi_Partisi" title="wikilink">Kore İşçi Partisi</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="#fn41" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref41" role="doc-noteref">⁴¹</a></p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p><a href="1970_Umman_darbesi" title="wikilink">1970</a>–</p></td> <td><p><a href="Bu_Said_Hanedanı" title="wikilink">Bu Said Hanedanı</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="#fn42" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref42" role="doc-noteref">⁴²</a></p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>1964–2006</p></td> <td><p><a href="Filistin_Kurtuluş_Örgütü" title="wikilink">Filistin Kurtuluş Örgütü</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="#fn43" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref43" role="doc-noteref">⁴³</a></p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td><p>2006–</p></td> <td><p><a href="Hamas" title="wikilink">Hamas</a></p></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>1971–</p></td> <td><p><a href="Sani_Hanedanı" title="wikilink">Sani Hanedanı</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="#fn44" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref44" role="doc-noteref">⁴⁴</a></p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>1999–</p></td> <td><p><a href="Vladimir_Putin" title="wikilink">Vladimir Putin</a> yönetiminde <a href="Birleşik_Rusya" title="wikilink">Birleşik Rusya</a></p></td> <td><p>(bkz. daha fazlası için <a href="Putinizm" title="wikilink">Putinizm</a>) Otoriter eğilimlere sahiptir ve bazıları tarafından "gerçekten otoriterizmin ve yönetilen demokrasinin bir karışımı" olarak tanımlanır."<a href="#fn45" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref45" role="doc-noteref">⁴⁵</a><a href="#fn46" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref46" role="doc-noteref">⁴⁶</a><a href="#fn47" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref47" role="doc-noteref">⁴⁷</a></p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>2000–</p></td> <td><p><a href="Paul_Kagame" title="wikilink">Paul Kagame</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="#fn48" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref48" role="doc-noteref">⁴⁸</a></p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>1744–</p></td> <td><p><a href="Suud_Hanedanı" title="wikilink">Suud Hanedanı</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="#fn49" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref49" role="doc-noteref">⁴⁹</a></p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>2012–</p></td> <td><p><a href="Aleksandar_Vučić" title="wikilink">Aleksandar Vučić</a> yönetiminde <a href="Sırp_İlerleme_Partisi" title="wikilink">Sırp İlerleme Partisi</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="#fn50" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref50" role="doc-noteref">⁵⁰</a><a href="#fn51" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref51" role="doc-noteref">⁵¹</a><a href="#fn52" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref52" role="doc-noteref">⁵²</a><a href="#fn53" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref53" role="doc-noteref">⁵³</a></p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>1965–</p></td> <td><p><a href="Halk_Hareketi_Partisi" title="wikilink">Halk Hareketi Partisi</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="#fn54" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref54" role="doc-noteref">⁵⁴</a><a href="#fn55" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref55" role="doc-noteref">⁵⁵</a></p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>2011–</p></td> <td><p><a href="Salva_Kiir_Mayardit" title="wikilink">Salva Kiir Mayardit</a> yönetiminde <a href="Sudan_Halk_Kurtuluş_Hareketi" title="wikilink">Sudan Halk Kurtuluş Hareketi</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="#fn56" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref56" role="doc-noteref">⁵⁶</a></p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>1963–</p></td> <td><p><a href="Arap_Sosyalist_Baas_Partisi_-_Suriye_Bölgesi" title="wikilink">Baas rejimi</a> ve <a href="Esad_ailesi" title="wikilink">Esad ailesi</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="#fn57" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref57" role="doc-noteref">⁵⁷</a></p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>1994–</p></td> <td><p><a href="Emomali_Rahmon" title="wikilink">Emomali Rahmon</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="#fn58" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref58" role="doc-noteref">⁵⁸</a></p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>2003–</p></td> <td><p><a href="Recep_Tayyip_Erdoğan" title="wikilink">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> yönetiminde <a href="Adalet_ve_Kalkınma_Partisi" title="wikilink">Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi</a></p></td> <td><p>“Rekabetçi otoriter rejim” olarak tanımlanmaktadır.<a href="#fn59" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref59" role="doc-noteref">⁵⁹</a></p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>1991–</p></td> <td><p><a href="Türkmenistan_Demokratik_Partisi" title="wikilink">Türkmenistan Demokratik Partisi</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="#fn60" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref60" role="doc-noteref">⁶⁰</a></p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>1972–</p></td> <td><p><a href="Birleşik_Arap_Emirlikleri_kraliyet_aileleri" title="wikilink">Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri kraliyet aileleri</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="#fn61" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref61" role="doc-noteref">⁶¹</a><a href="#fn62" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref62" role="doc-noteref">⁶²</a></p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>1964–</p></td> <td></td> <td><p><a href="#fn63" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref63" role="doc-noteref">⁶³</a></p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>1989–</p></td> <td><p><a href="Özbekistan_Liberal_Demokrat_Partisi" title="wikilink">Özbekistan Liberal Demokrat Partisi</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="#fn64" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref64" role="doc-noteref">⁶⁴</a><a href="#fn65" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref65" role="doc-noteref">⁶⁵</a><a href="#fn66" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref66" role="doc-noteref">⁶⁶</a></p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td><p>1999–</p></td> <td><p><a href="Nicolás_Maduro" title="wikilink">Nicolás Maduro</a> yönetiminde <a href="Venezuela_Birleşik_Sosyalist_Partisi" title="wikilink">Venezuela Birleşik Sosyalist Partisi</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="#fn67" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref67" role="doc-noteref">⁶⁷</a></p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td><p>1976–</p></td> <td><p><a href="Vietnam_Komünist_Partisi" title="wikilink">Vietnam Komünist Partisi</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="#fn68" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref68" role="doc-noteref">⁶⁸</a></p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <section class="footnotes footnotes-end-of-document" role="doc-endnotes"> <hr /> <ol> <li id="fn1" role="doc-endnote"><a href="#fnref1" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> <li id="fn2" role="doc-endnote"><a href="#fnref2" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> <li id="fn3" role="doc-endnote">Nebil Husayn, <a href="http://scholar.princeton.edu/sites/default/files/Bahrain%20AMSS%20-%20Abstract%20-%20Outline_0.pdf">Authoritarianism in Bahrain: Motives, Methods and Challenges</a> , AMSS 41st Annual Conference (September 29, 2012); <a href="http://cddrl.stanford.edu/events/parliamentary_elections_and_authoritarian_rule_in_bahrain">Parliamentary Elections and Authoritarian Rule in Bahrain</a> (January 13, 2011), Stanford University<a href="#fnref3" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> <li id="fn4" role="doc-endnote"><a href="#fnref4" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> <li id="fn5" role="doc-endnote"><a href="#fnref5" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> <li id="fn6" role="doc-endnote"><a href="#fnref6" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> <li id="fn7" role="doc-endnote"><a href="#fnref7" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> <li id="fn8" role="doc-endnote"><a href="#fnref8" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> <li id="fn9" role="doc-endnote"><a href="#fnref9" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> <li id="fn10" role="doc-endnote"><a href="#fnref10" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> <li id="fn11" role="doc-endnote"><a href="#fnref11" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> <li id="fn12" role="doc-endnote"><a href="#fnref12" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> <li id="fn13" role="doc-endnote"><a href="#fnref13" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> <li id="fn14" role="doc-endnote"><a href="#fnref14" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> <li id="fn15" role="doc-endnote"></li> <li id="fn16" role="doc-endnote"><a href="#fnref16" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> <li id="fn17" role="doc-endnote"><a href="#fnref17" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> <li id="fn18" role="doc-endnote"><a href="#fnref18" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> <li id="fn19" role="doc-endnote">Ariana Eunjung Cha, <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/06/26/AR2009062604343.html">China, Cuba, Other Authoritarian Regimes Censor News From Iran</a> (June 27, 2009), <em>The Washington Post</em>; Shanthi Kalathil and Taylor Boas, <a href="http://carnegieendowment.org/2001/07/16/internet-and-state-control-in-authoritarian-regimes-china-cuba-and-counterrevolution/1ic4">Internet and State Control in Authoritarian Regimes: China, Cuba and the Counterrevolution</a> (July 16, 2001), Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.<a href="#fnref19" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> <li id="fn20" role="doc-endnote">Amr Adly, <a href="http://carnegie-mec.org/publications/?fa=55804">The Economics of Egypt’s Rising Authoritarian Order</a> , <a href="Carnegie_Middle_East_Center" title="wikilink">Carnegie Middle East Center</a>, June 18, 2014; Nathan J. Brown &amp; Katie Bentivoglio, <a href="http://carnegieendowment.org/2014/10/09/egypt-s-resurgent-authoritarianism-it-s-way-of-life">Egypt's Resurgent Authoritarianism: It's a Way of Life</a> , <a href="Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace" title="wikilink">Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</a>, October 9, 2014; <a href="Roula_Khalaf" title="wikilink">Roula Khalaf</a>, <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/8127ef6e-c38e-11e6-9bca-2b93a6856354">Sisi’s Egypt: The march of the security state</a> , <em>Financial Times</em> (December 19, 2016); <a href="Peter_Hessler" title="wikilink">Peter Hessler</a>, <a href="http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/01/02/egypts-failed-revolution">Egypt's Failed Revolution</a> , <em>New Yorker</em>, January 2, 2017.<a href="#fnref20" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> <li id="fn21" role="doc-endnote"><a href="#fnref21" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> <li id="fn22" role="doc-endnote"><a href="#fnref22" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> <li id="fn23" role="doc-endnote"><a href="#fnref23" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> <li id="fn24" role="doc-endnote"><a href="#fnref24" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> <li id="fn25" role="doc-endnote"><a href="#fnref25" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> <li id="fn26" role="doc-endnote"><a href="#fnref26" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> <li id="fn27" role="doc-endnote"><a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2018/12/viktor-orban-and-anti-semitic-figyelo-cover/578158/">Viktor Orbán Is Exploiting Anti-Semitism</a> . <a href="Ira_Forman" title="wikilink">Ira Forman</a>, <em><a href="The_Atlantic" title="wikilink">The Atlantic</a></em>, 14 December 2018<a href="#fnref27" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> <li id="fn28" role="doc-endnote">Mehrdad Kia, [<a href="https://books.google.com/books">https://books.google.com/books</a>? id=BaE3AAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA75#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false The Making of Modern Authoritarianism in Contemporary Iran] , in <em>Modern Middle East Authoritarianism: Roots, Ramifications, and Crisis</em> (Routledge: 2013; eds. Noureddine Jebnoun, Mehrdad Kia &amp; Mimi Kirk), pp. 75–76.<a href="#fnref28" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> <li id="fn29" role="doc-endnote">Juan José Linz, <em><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8cYk_ABfMJIC&amp;pg=PA36">Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes</a> </em> (Lynne Rienner, 2000), p. 36.<a href="#fnref29" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> <li id="fn30" role="doc-endnote"><a href="#fnref30" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> <li id="fn31" role="doc-endnote"></li> <li id="fn32" role="doc-endnote">Beckert, Jen. "Communitarianism." International Encyclopedia of Economic Sociology. London: Routledge, 2006. 81.<a href="#fnref32" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> <li id="fn33" role="doc-endnote"></li> <li id="fn34" role="doc-endnote"><a href="#fnref34" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> <li id="fn35" role="doc-endnote"><a href="#fnref35" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> <li id="fn36" role="doc-endnote"><a href="#fnref36" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> <li id="fn37" role="doc-endnote"><a href="#fnref37" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> <li id="fn38" role="doc-endnote"><a href="#fnref38" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> <li id="fn39" role="doc-endnote"><a href="#fnref39" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> <li id="fn40" role="doc-endnote"><a href="#fnref40" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> <li id="fn41" role="doc-endnote">Daniel Byman, <a href="http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/20208/pyongyangs_survival_strategy.html">Pyongyang’s Survival Strategy: Tools of Authoritarian Control in North Korea</a> , <em>International Security</em>, Vol. 35, issue 1, pp. 44–74 (Summer 2010); Chico Harlan, <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/in-authoritarian-north-korea-hints-of-reform/2012/09/03/bb5d95ce-f275-11e1-adc6-87dfa8eff430_story.html">In authoritarian North Korea, hints of reform</a> , <em>The Washington Post</em>, September 3, 2012.<a href="#fnref41" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> <li id="fn42" role="doc-endnote"><a href="#fnref42" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> <li id="fn43" role="doc-endnote"><a href="#fnref43" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> <li id="fn44" role="doc-endnote"><a href="#fnref44" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> <li id="fn45" role="doc-endnote">Nikolay Petrov and Michael McFaul, <a href="http://carnegieendowment.org/2005/10/18/essence-of-putin-s-managed-democracy/1ul9">The Essence of Putin's Managed Democracy</a> (October 18, 2005), <a href="Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace" title="wikilink">Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</a>; Tom Parfitt, <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jan/11/russia-era-managed-democracy-mikhail-prokhorov">Billionaire tycoon Mikhail Prokhorov who is running in the 4 March election says it is time for evolution not revolution</a> (January 11, 2012), <em>The Guardian</em>; Richard Denton, <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/this_world/4756959.stm">Russia's 'managed democracy'</a> (May 11, 2006), BBC News.<a href="#fnref45" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> <li id="fn46" role="doc-endnote"><a href="#fnref46" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> <li id="fn47" role="doc-endnote"><a href="#fnref47" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> <li id="fn48" role="doc-endnote"><a href="#fnref48" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> <li id="fn49" role="doc-endnote">Toby Craig Jones, <em>Desert Kingdom: How Oil and Water Forged Modern Saudi Arabia</em> (2011), Harvard University Press, pp. 5, 14–15; Kira D. Baiasu, <a href="http://groups.northwestern.edu/njia/?p=85">Sustaining Authoritarian Rule</a> Fall 2009, Volume 10, Issue 1 (September 30, 2009), <em>Northwestern Journal of International Affairs</em>.<a href="#fnref49" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> <li id="fn50" role="doc-endnote"><a href="#fnref50" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> <li id="fn51" role="doc-endnote"><a href="#fnref51" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> <li id="fn52" role="doc-endnote"><a href="#fnref52" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> <li id="fn53" role="doc-endnote"><a href="#fnref53" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> <li id="fn54" role="doc-endnote"><a href="#fnref54" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> <li id="fn55" role="doc-endnote"><a href="#fnref55" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> <li id="fn56" role="doc-endnote"><a href="#fnref56" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> <li id="fn57" role="doc-endnote"><a href="#fnref57" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> <li id="fn58" role="doc-endnote"><a href="#fnref58" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> <li id="fn59" role="doc-endnote"><p>; Ramazan Kılınç, <a href="https://www.opendemocracy.net/ramazan-k-l-n/turkey-from-conservative-democracy-to-popular-authoritarianism">Turkey: from conservative democracy to popular authoritarianism</a> , <a href="openDemocracy" title="wikilink">openDemocracy</a> (December 5, 2015).<a href="#fnref59" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></p></li> <li id="fn60" role="doc-endnote"><a href="#fnref60" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> <li id="fn61" role="doc-endnote"><a href="#fnref61" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> <li id="fn62" role="doc-endnote"><a href="#fnref62" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> <li id="fn63" role="doc-endnote"><a href="#fnref63" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> <li id="fn64" role="doc-endnote">Neil J. Melvin, <em><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BmF4AgAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">Uzbekistan: Transition to Authoritarianism on the Silk Road</a> </em> (Harwood Academic, 2000), pp. 28–30.<a href="#fnref64" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> <li id="fn65" role="doc-endnote"><a href="Shahram_Akbarzadeh" title="wikilink">Shahram Akbarzadeh</a>, "Post-Soviet Central Asia: The Limits of Islam" in <em>Constitutionalism in Islamic Countries: Between Upheaval and Continuity</em> (Oxford University Press, 2012: eds. Rainer Grote &amp; Tilmann J. Röder), p. 428.<a href="#fnref65" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> <li id="fn66" role="doc-endnote"><a href="#fnref66" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> <li id="fn67" role="doc-endnote">Human Rights Watch, <a href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/03/05/venezuela-chavez-s-authoritarian-legacy">Venezuela: Chávez’s Authoritarian Legacy: Dramatic Concentration of Power and Open Disregard for Basic Human Rights</a> , March 5, 2013; Kurt Weyland, <a href="http://www.journalofdemocracy.org/sites/default/files/Weyland-24-3.pdf">Latin America's Authoritarian Drift: The Threat from the Populist Left</a> , <em>Journal of Democracy</em>, Vol. 24, No. 3 (July 2013), pp. 18–32.<a href="#fnref67" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> <li id="fn68" role="doc-endnote">Thomas Fuller, <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/24/world/asia/vietnam-clings-to-one-party-rule-as-dissent-rises-sharply.html?pagewanted=all">In Hard Times, Open Dissent and Repression Rise in Vietnam</a> (April 23, 2013), <em>The New York Times</em><a href="#fnref68" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></li> </ol> </section>

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