new deal ne demek?

New Deal (Türkçe: Yeni Düzen), 1933 ve 1938 yılları arasında Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde yürürlüğe giren ekonomi ağırlıklı bir dizi yerli programdır. ABD Başkanı Franklin D. Roosevelt'in ilk döneminde Kongre tarafından onaylanan yasaların yanı sıra başkanlık yürütme emirlerini de içermektedir. Programın asıl amacı Büyük Buhran sonrası ekonomik düzelmeyi sağlamaktır. Program "3 R" şeklinde özetlenmektedir: Relief, Recovery ve Reform (rahatlama, iyileşme, reform). Yani işsiz ve yoksullar için rahatlama; normal seviyelere gelerek ekonominin toparlanması; ve tekrar çöküşü önlemek için finansal sistemin reformu amaçlanmıştır.¹

Kaynakça

Konuyla ilgili yayınlar

Araştırmalar

Badger, Anthony J. The New Deal: The Depression Years, 1933–1940. (2002) general survey from British perspective
Chafe, William H. ed. The Achievement of American Liberalism: The New Deal and its Legacies (2003)
Conkin, Paul K. The New Deal. (1967), a brief New Left critique.
Dubofsky, Melvyn, ed. The New Deal: Conflicting Interpretations and Shifting Perspectives. (1992), reader
Eden, Robert, ed. New Deal and Its Legacy: Critique and Reappraisal (1989), essays by scholars
Hiltzik, Michael. The New Deal: A Modern History (2011), popular history by journalist; 512pp
Leuchtenburg, William E. Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1932–1940. (1963). A standard interpretive history.
Kennedy, David M. "What the New Deal Did," Political Science Quarterly, 124 (Summer 2009), 251–68.
Kennedy, David M. Freedom From Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945. (1999), survey; Pulitzer Prize
Kirkendall, Richard S. "The New Deal As Watershed: The Recent Literature", The Journal of American History, Vol. 54, No. 4. (Mar., 1968), pp. 839–852. in JSTOR , historiography
McElvaine Robert S. The Great Depression 2nd ed (1993), social history
Polenberg, Richard. "The Era of Franklin D. Roosevelt 1933–1945 A Brief History with Documents" ISBN 0-312-13310-3
Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr., The Age of Roosevelt, 3 vols, (1957–1960), the classic narrative history.
Shlaes, Amity. The Forgotten Man: A New History of the Great Depression (2007)
Sitkoff, Harvard. ed. Fifty Years Later: The New Deal Evaluated. (1984). A friendly liberal evaluation.
Wecter, Dixon. The Age of the Great Depression, 1929–1941 (1948), social history

Biyografiler

Beasley, Maurine H., Holly C. Shulman, Henry R. Beasley. The Eleanor Roosevelt Encyclopedia (2001)
Brands, H.W. Traitor to His Class: The Privileged Life and Radical Presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt (2008)
Charles, Searle F. Minister of Relief: Harry Hopkins and the Depression (1963)
Cohen, Adam, Nothing to Fear: FDR's Inner Circle and the Hundred Days that Created Modern America (2009)
Graham, Otis L. and Meghan Robinson Wander, eds. Franklin D. Roosevelt: His Life and Times. (1985). An encyclopedic reference.
Ingalls, Robert P. Herbert H. Lehman and New York's Little New Deal (1975)
Pederson, William D. ed. A Companion to Franklin D. Roosevelt (Blackwell Companions to American History) (2011); 35 essays by scholars; many deal with politics

Ekonomi, çiftlikler, işgücü, rahatlama

Bernstein, Irving. Turbulent Years: A History of the American Worker, 1933–1941 (1970), cover labor unions
Best, Gary Dean. Pride, Prejudice, and Politics: Roosevelt Versus Recovery, 1933–1938. (1990) ISBN 0-275-93524-8; conservative perspective
Blumberg Barbara. The New Deal and the Unemployed: The View from New York City (1977).
Bremer William W. "Along the American Way: The New Deal's Work Relief Programs for the Unemployed". Journal of American History 62 (December 1975): 636–652. in JSTOR
Brock William R. Welfare, Democracy and the New Deal (1988), a British view
Burns, Helen M. The American Banking Community and New Deal Banking Reforms, 1933–1935 (1974)
Folsom, Burton. New Deal or Raw Deal? : How FDR's Economic Legacy has Damaged America (2008) ISBN 1-4165-9222-9, conservative interpretation
Gordon, Colin. New Deals: Business, Labor, and Politics, 1920–1935 (1994)
Grant, Michael Johnston. Down and Out on the Family Farm: Rural Rehabilitation in the Great Plains, 1929–1945 (2002)
Hawley, Ellis W. The New Deal and the Problem of Monopoly (1966)
Howard, Donald S. The WPA and Federal Relief Policy (1943)
Huibregtse, Jon R. ''American Railroad Labor and the Genesis of the New Deal, 1919–1935; (University Press of Florida; 2010; 172 pages)
Jensen, Richard J. "The Causes and Cures of Unemployment in the Great Depression", Journal of Interdisciplinary History 19 (1989) 553–83. in JSTOR
Leff, Mark H. The Limits of Symbolic Reform: The New Deal and Taxation (1984)
Lindley, Betty Grimes and Ernest K. Lindley. A New Deal for Youth: The Story of the National Youth Administration (1938)
Mathews, Jane De Hart. "Arts and the People: The New Deal Quest for a Cultural Democracy", Journal of American History 62 (1975): 316–39, in JSTOR
Malamud; Deborah C. "'Who They Are—or Were': Middle-Class Welfare in the Early New Deal" University of Pennsylvania Law Review v 151 No. 6 2003. pp 2019+.
McKinzie, Richard. The New Deal for Artists (1984), well illustrated scholarly study
Meriam; Lewis. Relief and Social Security The Brookings Institution. 1946. Highly detailed analysis and statistical summary of all New Deal relief programs
Mitchell, Broadus. Depression Decade: From New Era through New Deal, 1929–1941 (1947), survey by economic historian
Parker, Randall E. Reflections on the Great Depression (2002) interviews with 11 leading economists
Powell, Jim FDR's Folly: How Roosevelt and His New Deal Prolonged the Great Depression (2003) ISBN 0-7615-0165-7
Rosenof, Theodore. Economics in the Long Run: New Deal Theorists and Their Legacies, 1933–1993 (1997)
Rosen, Elliot A. Roosevelt, the Great Depression, and the Economics of Recovery (2005) ISBN 0-8139-2368-9
Rothbard, Murray. America's Great Depression (1963). ibertarian critique
Saloutos, Theodore. The American Farmer and the New Deal (1982).
Singleton, Jeff. The American Dole: Unemployment Relief and the Welfare State in the Great Depression (2000)
Skocpol, Theda, and Kenneth Finegold. "State Capacity and Economic Intervention in the Early New Deal". Political Science Quarterly 97 (1982): 255–78. at JSTOR
Skocpol, Theda, and Kenneth Finegold. "Explaining New Deal Labor Policy" American Political Science Reform (1977) 84:1297–1304 in JSTOR
Zelizer; Julian E. "The Forgotten Legacy of the New Deal: Fiscal Conservatism and the Roosevelt Administration, 1933–1938" Presidential Studies Quarterly (2000) 30#2 pp: 331+.

Politika

Alswang, John. The New Deal and American Politics (1978), voting analysis
Alter, Jonathan. The Defining Moment: FDR's Hundred Days and the Triumph of Hope (2006), popular account
Badger, Anthony J. FDR: The First Hundred Days (2008)
Badger, Anthony J. New Deal / New South: An Anthony J. Badger Reader (2007)
Bernstein, Barton J. "The New Deal: The Conservative Achievements of Liberal Reform". In Barton J. Bernstein, ed., Towards a New Past: Dissenting Essays in American History, pp. 263–88. (1968), an influential New Left attack on the New Deal.
Best, Gary Dean. The Critical Press and the New Deal: The Press Versus Presidential Power, 1933–1938 (1993) ISBN 0-275-94350-X
Best, Gary Dean. Retreat from Liberalism: Collectivists versus Progressives in the New Deal Years (2002) ISBN 0-275-94656-8
Brinkley, Alan. The End of Reform: New Deal Liberalism in Recession and War. (1995) what happened after 1937
Cobb, James and Michael Namaroto, eds. The New Deal and the South (1984).
Conklin, Paul K. "The Myth of New Deal Radicalism" in Myth America: A Historical Anthology, Volume II. 1997. Gerster, Patrick, and Cords, Nicholas. (editors.) Brandywine Press, ISBN 1-881089-97-5
Domhoff, G. William, and Michael J. Webber. Class and Power in the New Deal: Corporate Moderates, Southern Democrats, and the Liberal-Labor Coalition (Stanford University Press; 2011) 304 pages; uses class dominance theory to examine the Agricultural Adjustment Act, the National Labor Relations Act, and the Social Security Act.
Ekirch Jr., Arthur A. Ideologies and Utopias: The Impact of the New Deal on American Thought (1971)
Fraser, Steve and Gary Gerstle, eds., The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order, (1989), essays focused on the long-term results.
Garraty, John A. "The New Deal, National Socialism, and the Great Depression", American Historical Review, (1973) 78#4 pp. 907–44. in JSTOR
Higgs, Robert. Crisis and Leviathan: Critical Episodes in the Growth of American Government (1987), libertarian critique
Ladd, Everett Carll and Charles D. Hadley. Transformations of the American Party System: Political Coalitions from the New Deal to the 1970s (1975), voting behavior
Lowitt, Richard. The New Deal and the West (1984).
Manza; Jeff. "Political Sociological Models of the U.S. New Deal" Annual Review of Sociology: 2000, 26 (2000): 297–322.
Milkis, Sidney M. and Jerome M. Mileur, eds. The New Deal and the Triumph of Liberalism (2002)
Patterson, James T. The New Deal and the States: Federalism in Transition (Princeton UP, 1969).
Sitkoff, Harvard. A New Deal for Blacks: The Emergence of Civil Rights as a National Issue: The Depression Decade (2008)
Smith, Jason Scott. Building New Deal Liberalism: The Political Economy of Public Works, 1933–1956 (2005).
Sternsher, Bernard ed., Hitting Home: The Great Depression in Town and Country (1970), essays by scholars on local history
Szalay, Michael. New Deal Modernism: American Literature and the Invention of the Welfare State (2000)
Tindall George B. The Emergence of the New South, 1915–1945 (1967). survey of entire South
Trout Charles H. Boston, the Great Depression, and the New Deal (1977)
Ware, Susan. Beyond Suffrage: Women and the New Deal (1981)

Birincil kaynaklar

Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1951 (1951) full of useful data; online
Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970 (1976) part 1 online ; part 2 online
Cantril, Hadley and Mildred Strunk, eds. Public Opinion, 1935–1946 (1951), massive compilation of many public opinion polls
Carter, Susan B. et al. eds. The Historical Statistics of the United States (6 vol: Cambridge UP, 2006); huge compilation of statistical data; online at some universities
Gallup, George Horace, ed. The Gallup Poll; Public Opinion, 1935–1971 3 vol (1972) summarizes results of each poll.
Lowitt, Richard and Beardsley Maurice, eds. One Third of a Nation: Lorena Hickock Reports on the Great Depression (1981)
Moley, Raymond. After Seven Years (1939), conservative memoir by ex-Brain Truster
Nixon, Edgar B. ed. Franklin D. Roosevelt and Foreign Affairs (3 vol 1969), covers 1933–37. 2nd series 1937–39 available on microfiche and in a 14 vol print edition at some academic libraries.
Roosevelt, Franklin D.; Rosenman, Samuel Irving, ed. The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt (13 vol, 1938, 1945); public material only (no letters); covers 1928–1945.
Zinn, Howard, ed. New Deal Thought (1966), a compilation of primary sources.